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1 + # Setting Up a Home Server: Static IP and Port Exposure with OpenVPN on Linux
2 +
3 + Have you ever wished to run your own email server from the comfort of your home but were held back by the need for a
4 + reliable static IP? There is a solution! Whether it's hosting a personal website, gaming server, or a
5 + specialized application, this guide will show you how to set up a static IP and port exposure using OpenVPN on Linux.
6 +
7 + > "What if I already have a static IP?"
8 + > This guide is intended for users that don't have a static IP address at home and want to expose a service on their
9 + > home network to the internet. If you already have a static IP address, you may not need this guide.
10 +
11 + ## Prerequisites
12 + - 🖥️ A hosted Linux server with a public IPv4 address
13 + - :computer: A linux server at your home (e.g. Raspberry Pi)
14 + - :thinking: A basic understanding of Linux and networking
15 +
16 + ## Overview
17 +
18 + The basic idea is to set up a VPN server on your hosted Linux server and a VPN client on your home Linux server. The
19 + VPN client will connect to the VPN server and expose the VPN server's IP address to the internet. This will allow you
20 + to access your home server from the internet using the VPN server's IP address.
21 + A nice side effect of this setup is that your actual home IP address will be hidden from the internet.
22 +
23 + ## 🖥️ Setting up the VPN Server
24 +
25 + This process is fairly straightforward. We will be using the [OpenVPN-Install](https://github.com/angristan/openvpn-install)
26 + script to set up the VPN server. This script will install and configure OpenVPN on your server. It will also generate
27 + a client configuration file that you will need to copy to your home server.
28 +
29 + 1. SSH into your hosted Linux server
30 + 2. Install curl (if not already installed)
31 + ``` bash
32 + sudo apt update && apt install curl -y
33 + ```
34 + 3. Ensure you are in the `/root` directory:
35 + ``` bash
36 + cd /root
37 + ```
38 + 4. Download the OpenVPN-Install script and make it executable:
39 + ``` bash
40 + curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/angristan/openvpn-install/master/openvpn-install.sh
41 + chmod +x openvpn-install.sh
42 + sudo AUTO_INSTALL=y ./openvpn-install.sh
43 + ```
44 + 5. Create a client configuration file by running the following command:
45 + ``` bash
46 + sudo ./openvpn-install.sh
47 + ```
48 + Type `1` and press `Enter` to create a new client. You will be prompted to enter a name for the client. Enter a name
49 + of your choice and press `Enter`. Now type in `1` again and press `Enter` to confirm everything. The script will
50 + generate a client configuration file and save it to `/root/<client-name>.ovpn`. You will need to copy this file
51 + to your home server in the next step.
52 +
53 + ## :computer: Setting up the VPN Client
54 +
55 + 1. SSH into your home Linux server and install OpenVPN:
56 + ``` bash
57 + sudo apt update && apt install openvpn -y
58 + ```
59 + 2. Copy the client configuration file from your hosted Linux server to your home Linux server. You can use `scp` to
60 + copy the file:
61 + ``` bash
62 + scp root@<hosted-server-ip>:/root/<client-name>.ovpn /etc/openvpn/client.conf
63 + ```
64 + 3. Start the OpenVPN service:
65 + ``` bash
66 + sudo systemctl start openvpn@client
67 + ```
68 + 4. Check the status of the OpenVPN service:
69 + ``` bash
70 + sudo systemctl status openvpn@client
71 + ```
72 + 5. Enable the OpenVPN service to start on boot:
73 + ``` bash
74 + sudo systemctl enable openvpn@client
75 + ```
76 + 6. Check your public IP address:
77 + ``` bash
78 + curl ifconfig.me
79 + ```
80 + You should see the IP address of your hosted Linux server. This means that your home Linux server is now connected
81 + to your hosted Linux server via the VPN server.
82 +
83 + ## :twisted_rightwards_arrows: Setting up port forwarding
84 +
85 + Now that your home Linux server is connected to your hosted Linux server via the VPN server, you can expose any port
86 + on your home Linux server to the internet. This is done by setting up port forwarding on your hosted Linux server.
87 +
88 + First, you need to find out the IP address of your home Linux server. You can do this by running the following command
89 + on your hosted Linux server:
90 + ``` bash
91 + cat /etc/openvpn/ipp.txt | cut -d ',' -f 2
92 + ```
93 +
94 + This is the IP address of your home Linux server. You can now set up port forwarding on your hosted Linux server to
95 + expose any port on your home Linux server to the internet.
96 +
97 + To make the setup easier, we are going to set an environment variable with the IP address of your home Linux server:
98 + ``` bash
99 + export HOME_IP=<home-server-ip> # Replace <home-server-ip> with the IP address of your home Linux server
100 + export STATIC_IP=<static-ip> # Replace <static-ip> with the static IP address of your hosted Linux server
101 + ```
102 +
103 + First, you need to enable IP forwarding on your hosted Linux server. Replace `eth0` with the name of your network
104 + interface:
105 + ``` bash
106 + sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
107 + sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
108 + ```
109 +
110 + You can use the following commands to set up port forwarding on your hosted Linux server:
111 +
112 + ### :globe_with_meridians: Exposing a TCP port
113 + ``` bash
114 + PORT=<port>; sudo iptables -t nat -d $STATIC_IP -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport $PORT -j DNAT --to-destination $HOME_IP:$PORT
115 + ```
116 +
117 + ### :globe_with_meridians: Exposing a UDP port
118 + ``` bash
119 + PORT=<port>; sudo iptables -t nat -d $STATIC_IP -A PREROUTING -p udp --dport $PORT -j DNAT --to-destination $HOME_IP:$PORT
120 + ```
121 +
122 + ### :earth_africa: Exposing a range of TCP ports
123 + ``` bash
124 + START_PORT=<start-port> END_PORT=<end-port>; sudo iptables -t nat -d $STATIC_IP -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport $START_PORT:$END_PORT -j DNAT --to-destination $HOME_IP:$START_PORT-$END_PORT
125 + ```
126 +
127 + ### :earth_africa: Exposing a range of UDP ports
128 + ``` bash
129 + START_PORT=<start-port> END_PORT=<end-port>; sudo iptables -t nat -d $STATIC_IP -A PREROUTING -p udp --dport $START_PORT:$END_PORT -j DNAT --to-destination $HOME_IP:$START_PORT-$END_PORT
130 + ```
131 +
132 + ### :information_source: Example: Exposing a web server on port 80
133 + ``` bash
134 + PORT=80; sudo iptables -t nat -d $STATIC_IP -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport $PORT -j DNAT --to-destination $HOME_IP:$PORT
135 + ```
136 +
137 + ## :floppy_disk: Making the iptables rules persistent
138 + The iptables rules are not persistent by default. This means that if you reboot your hosted Linux server, the iptables
139 + rules will be lost. To make the iptables rules persistent, you need to install the `iptables-persistent` package:
140 + ``` bash
141 + sudo apt update && apt install iptables-persistent -y
142 + ```
143 +
144 + During the installation, you will be asked if you want to save the current iptables rules. Type `yes` and press `Enter`
145 + to save the rules. The iptables rules will now be loaded automatically on boot.
146 +
147 + ## :tada: Conclusion
148 +
149 + Congratulations! You have successfully set up a static IP and port exposure using OpenVPN on Linux. You can now access
150 + any service on your home Linux server from the internet using the IP address of your hosted Linux server.
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